Intervals - the duration between two sections of a workout regimen.
In speed workouts, usually run on a race-track, with distances and target paces decided prior to the run. They typically involve relatively brief sprints of 220 yards to 1 mile, incorporating relatively relaxed periods of slower running.
Cyclamate - a low calorie artificial sweetening agent that is thirty times more sweet when compared to sucrose, calorie-free and able to withstand heat, and has a synergistic effect when combined with other sweetening agents. It has been accepted for tabletop use in Canada and more than 50 nations throughout Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. Since 1970, however, cyclamate use has been banned within the USA according to the findings of a study that alleged that cyclamate may contribute to the growth of cancer of the bladder in rats. Although 75 studies that followed have been unable to conclusively prove that cyclamate contains cancer-causing substances, the sweetener is still to be re-legitimized for use within the USA.
Grains - the dry fruits of various crops and plants including cereal crops. Some examples of these crops are corn, oats, barley, millet, rye, wheat, and rice. Grain foods include foods and food products such as all varieties of breads, cereals, rice, and pasta such as spaghetti and macaroni. Lactobacillus - a family of bacterium present in yoghurt and a few additional dairy products, which could contribute positively to digestive health.
Arteriosclerosis - leading to the gradual narrowing, hardening, and thickening of those vessels and to restricted blood flow.
Microalbuminuria - the small protein particles that can be detected in the urine; an early warning of malfunction in the kidneys.
Toxicologist - a scientist who investigates the characteristics, impacts and identification of poisons and how toxic attacks are to be treated.
Binge Eating Disorder - a medical syndrome involving episodes of out-of-control consumption of abnormally large quantities of food.
Stanol / Sterol Esters - a heterogeneous group of functional chemical compounds present in soy, wheat, corn, and wood oils, which could reduce the chances of heart illness by lowering blood cholesterol levels.
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) - foods generally containing 42 percent, 55 percent, or 90 percent fructose (the rest of the carbohydrate being made up mostly of glucose), based on the product application. High fructose corn syrups are used in the manufacture of products such as soda pops and similar drinks or cake mixes.
RPE (Rating of Perceived Exertion) - the degree of exertion individuals feel they are expending during any physical exercise (including increased heart rate, increased respiration or breathing rate, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue). The Borg scale is a rating scale that helps individuals explain their sense of how much their bodies are exerting by assigning a number from 6 right up to 20. Numbers that are lower down on the scale are used to describe a lower level of exertion, and numbers that are higher up on the scale signify that the body is working harder.
Proteinuria - too much protein in the urine. This might be a symptom of kidney damage.
Malabsorption - inefficient digestion of nourishing food ingredients in the digestive tract, particularly the small intestine. Malabsorption could be the result of the side-effects of medical drugs or a health condition or disease.
Somogyi Effect - the ricochet effect of low followed by high blood glucose, caused by the administration of an excessive dose of insulin.
Underwater Weighing - also referred to as hydrostatic weighing, a research methodology for measuring body fat. A person is weighed after being submerged in an under-water tank. By comparing submerged (underwater) weight to the one above water, one can have an extremely accurate estimate of body fat.
Nitrosamines - a digestive byproduct of nitrite, which is an additive used in preserving meats and poultry, as well as fish. (Also refer to Nitrite.)
Fungicide - an anti-fungal substance that is combined with wax and applied to vegetables or fruits in order to prevent spoilage or contamination. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) - a sequence of surveys which include information from medical history, vital statistics, biochemical reviews, physical health tests and population group-wise data on dietary patterns in the United States. The national survey is implemented by the US Department of Health and Human Services roughly once in 5 years.
Biological Activity - the effect (change in metabolic activity upon living cells) caused by specific compounds or agents. For example, the drug aspirin causes the blood to thin, which means that it will not clot as easily as it normally would.
Pectin - a naturally-occurring gelling agent present in ripe fruit. It is a key ingredient in the preparation of jellies and jams. Some fruits have large quantities of pectin (such as, apples, citrus fruits, red currants, and blackberries), but others have low quantities of pectin (such as, strawberries), so lemon juice should additionally be used in those jams or jellies to help them set.
Trans Fats - fats that are manufactured by hydrogenation. Hydrogenation, discovered in the early 1900s, is the process of adding molecules of hydrogen directly to unsaturated fats such as the fats found in vegetable oils. Oils that have been hydrogenated contribute valuable attributes of stability and texture to food items. The firmness and spreadability of margarines, lightness in the layers of pie crust, creamy texture of desserts, and crispiness of French fries are properties provided by hydrogenated oil ingredients. During partial hydrogenation, a few hydrogen atoms move from being on the same side of a double bond to being on the opposite side of a double bond, forming another configuration of fatty acids, called `trans`, meaning `opposite`. The trans fat ingredient of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils may vary widely, according to the degree of hydrogenation that has been employed and the quantity used in that particular product. For instance, the quantity of trans fat in a product containing mildly hydrogenated vegetable oil that is listed `low` in the list of ingredients could be insignificant in terms of nutrition. If oil described in the listed ingredients as `hydrogenated`, this means that the oil has been completely hydrogenated, or completely treated with hydrogen molecules, thereby resulting in a saturated fatty acid containing no trans fats. Trans fats are a natural ingredient of beef, lamb, and dairy products. Nonetheless, the main sources of trans fats in the dietary intake of Americans are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are found in food items such as cookies, crackers, pastries, and fried foods. The National Academy of Sciences` Institute of Medicine lately established that trans fats have much in common with saturated fats and foods that contain cholesterol in terms of the impact they have on low-density lipoprotein (LDL or `bad cholesterol`) levels in the blood. Moreover, a number of research studies propose that increased intake of trans fatty acids may reduce high-density lipoprotein (HDL or `good cholesterol`) levels in the blood. The mean trans fatty acid consumption within the US is 2.6% of calories, in comparison to 12 percent of total caloric intake coming from saturated fat.
Health - a state of physical, mental, and emotional well-being, along with the absence of disease or ailment.
Subcutaneous - the layer of fatty tissue between skin and muscle.
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